by Chris Johns | Updated: September 5, 2024

When you’re standing at the meat counter, faced with an array of steaks, roasts, and ground beef, how do you know which cut will give you the juiciest, most flavorful meal? The answer often lies in those small USDA shield-shaped stickers. But what do they really mean, and how can understanding them elevate your culinary game? This comprehensive guide will demystify the USDA beef grading system, empowering you to make informed choices for every occasion, whether it’s a weeknight dinner or a special celebration.

The History and Purpose of USDA Beef Grading

Before diving into the specifics of beef grades, it’s important to understand why this system exists in the first place and its significance in the beef industry.

A Brief History

The USDA beef grading system has its roots in the early 20th century. Here’s a quick timeline:

• 1916: The USDA begins grading beef carcasses for informational purposes.
• 1926: The first official standards for grades of beef are established.
• 1927: Voluntary beef grading and stamping services are offered nationwide.
• 1950s: The grading system is revised to its current form.

The Purpose of Beef Grading

The USDA beef grading system serves several important purposes:

1. Standardization: It provides a uniform language for describing beef quality across the industry.
2. Consumer Information: It helps consumers make informed decisions about the beef they purchase.
3. Price Differentiation: It allows for appropriate pricing based on quality.
4. Marketing Tool: It gives producers and retailers a way to market higher-quality beef.

The USDA Agricultural Marketing Service plays a crucial role in defining these quality grades and educating both producers and consumers about the criteria used for grading.

Understanding USDA Beef Grades

Now, let’s delve into the heart of the matter: what exactly are USDA beef grades? These grades, known as quality grades, are determined by highly trained USDA meat graders and are based on a combination of subjective characteristics and electronic measurements.

In addition to quality grades, the USDA also assigns yield grades, which evaluate the quantity of usable lean meat obtained from a carcass.

What Are USDA Beef Grades?

USDA beef grades are quality ratings assigned to beef by the United States Department of Agriculture. These grades are determined by highly trained USDA meat graders and are based on a combination of subjective characteristics and electronic measurements.

Factors Considered in Beef Grading

The USDA grades beef based on two main factors:

1. Marbling: The amount and distribution of intramuscular fat within the beef. More marbling generally means more flavor and tenderness.
2. Maturity: The approximate age of the animal at slaughter, which affects texture and flavor.

Yield grades assess the amount of usable lean meat on a carcass, which is an important factor in meat processing and consumer choices.

Additional factors include:

• Firmness of the meat
• Color and appearance
• Texture of the muscle

The USDA Beef Grading Scale

The USDA recognizes eight quality grades for beef, listed here from highest to lowest quality:

1. Prime
2. Choice
3. Select
4. Standard
5. Commercial
6. Utility
7. Cutter
8. Canner

Lower grades like Standard and Commercial are often sold as store brand meat, which is usually the most affordable option found in grocery stores.

Let’s examine each of these grades in detail, with a focus on the top three grades that consumers are most likely to encounter.

USDA Prime Beef: The Pinnacle of Quality

Definition: USDA Prime is the highest grade of beef, known for its exceptional tenderness, flavor, and juiciness.

Characteristics of USDA Prime Beef:

• Abundant marbling: The fat is evenly distributed throughout the meat, which enhances flavor and tenderness.
• Typically from young, well-fed beef cattle with abundant marbling: These cattle are raised with a focus on diet and care, resulting in meat that is highly sought after for its superior quality, making it desirable for sale in upscale restaurants.
• Limited supply: Only a small percentage of beef qualifies as USDA Prime, making it a premium product.

Best Uses for USDA Prime Beef:

Prime beef is ideal for dry-heat cooking methods such as:

• Grilling
• Roasting
• Broiling
• Pan-searing

Where to Find USDA Prime Beef:

• High-end restaurants
• Specialty butcher shops
• Some premium grocery stores

Price Point:

USDA Prime beef is the most expensive grade due to its scarcity and superior quality.

USDA Choice Beef: The Popular Middle Ground

Definition: USDA Choice is high-quality beef with less marbling than Prime, but still offers excellent tenderness, juiciness, and flavor.

Characteristics of USDA Choice Beef:

• Moderate to modest marbling
• Most popular grade of beef
• About 65% of graded beef qualifies as Choice

Best Uses for USDA Choice Beef:

• Dry-heat cooking for high-quality cuts (loin, rib)
• Moist-heat methods for less tender cuts

Where to Find USDA Choice Beef:

• Most supermarkets
• Butcher shops
• Many restaurants

Price Point:

More affordable than Prime, but still considered a quality option.

USDA Select Beef: Leaner Option

Definition: USDA Select is leaner beef with less marbling, offering a balance between quality and leanness while still being fairly tender.

Characteristics of USDA Select Beef:

• Slight marbling
• Leaner than Prime or Choice
• About 21% of graded beef qualifies as Select

Best Uses for USDA Select Beef:

• Marinating before cooking
• Moist-heat cooking methods (braising, stewing)
• Good for those preferring leaner beef

Where to Find USDA Select Beef:

• Many supermarkets
• Some restaurants, especially those focusing on leaner options

Price Point:

Generally the most affordable of the top three grades.

Beyond the Top Three: Understanding Lower USDA Beef Grades

While consumers rarely encounter beef graded below Select in retail settings, it’s worth understanding the entire spectrum of USDA beef grades.

Yield grades for these lower grades assess the amount of usable lean meat on a carcass, which is crucial for meat processing and consumer choices.

USDA Standard and Commercial Beef

• Lower quality than Select, with practically no marbling
• Often sold as ungraded beef in supermarkets
• Used for ground beef and processed meat products

USDA Utility, Cutter, and Canner Beef

• Lowest grades of beef
• Typically from older animals
• Used primarily for ground beef, processed meat products, and pet food

The USDA Beef Grading Process

Understanding how beef is graded can give you a deeper appreciation for the system. Here’s a step-by-step breakdown of the process:

1. Carcass Evaluation: The beef carcass is split down the center of the backbone, exposing the ribeye muscle between the 12th and 13th ribs.
2. Visual Inspection: A USDA grader visually inspects the ribeye area, which is considered representative of the entire carcass.
3. Marbling Assessment: The amount and distribution of marbling in the ribeye are evaluated.
4. Maturity Check: The age of the animal is determined by examining bone characteristics, ossification of cartilage, and lean color.
5. Electronic Measurements: In some facilities, electronic instruments are used to measure the ribeye area and fat thickness.
6. Grade Assignment: Based on the combination of marbling and maturity, a USDA grade is assigned to the carcass.
7. Stamping: The appropriate grade shield is stamped on the carcass.

Factors Affecting Beef Quality Beyond USDA Grades

While USDA grades are a crucial indicator of beef quality, several other factors can influence the taste, texture, and overall eating experience:

1. Cattle Breed

Different cattle breeds can produce beef with varying characteristics:

• Angus: Known for consistent marbling and tenderness
• Wagyu: Prized for exceptional marbling and flavor
• Hereford: Noted for its beefy flavor

2. Feed and Raising Practices

The diet and lifestyle of cattle significantly impact beef quality:

• Grass-fed: Often leaner, with a distinct flavor profile
• Grain-finished: Typically more marbled and tender
• Organic: Must meet USDA organic standards for feed and raising practices

3. Aging Process

Proper aging can enhance the flavor and tenderness of beef:

• Wet-aging: Most common method, beef is aged in vacuum-sealed bags
• Dry-aging: Results in more concentrated flavor, but also more expensive

4. Handling and Storage

Proper handling from farm to table affects the final quality:

• Temperature control during transport and storage
• Proper packaging to prevent oxidation
• Appropriate refrigeration at retail and consumer levels

How to Choose the Best Beef: Expert Tips

Armed with knowledge about USDA grades and other quality factors, use these tips to select the best beef for your needs:

1. Determine Your Cooking Method:
   • For grilling and high-heat cooking, opt for Prime or high-Choice grades
   • For slow-cooking methods, Select or lower-Choice grades can work well
2. Check the Color:
   • Look for beef with a bright cherry-red color
   • Avoid beef with brown spots, which may indicate age or improper storage
3. Examine the Texture:
   • The beef should be firm to the touch, not soft or mushy
   • Look for beef with a fine texture and small grain
4. Consider Marbling:
   • For maximum flavor and juiciness, choose cuts with more visible marbling
   • If you prefer leaner beef, opt for cuts with less marbling
5. Read Labels Carefully:
   • Look for the USDA grade shield
   • Check for additional certifications like organic or grass-fed
6. Consult Your Butcher:
   • Don’t hesitate to ask questions about the beef’s origin, age, and best cooking methods
7. Balance Quality and Budget:
   • Prime beef offers top quality but at a premium price
   • Choice beef often provides an excellent balance of quality and affordability

Frequently Asked Questions About USDA Beef Grades

What’s the difference between USDA Prime and Choice beef?

USDA Prime beef has more abundant marbling than Choice, resulting in greater tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Prime is ideal for high-heat cooking methods, while Choice offers excellent quality at a more moderate price point.

Can I find USDA Prime beef at my local grocery store?

While USDA Prime beef is less common than Choice or Select, some grocery stores do carry it. You’re more likely to find Prime beef at specialty butcher shops or high-end grocery stores. Many retailers also offer online ordering for Prime beef.

Is USDA Select beef low quality?

No, USDA Select beef is not low quality. It’s leaner than Prime or Choice, making it a good option for those seeking less fat in their diet. However, it may require different cooking methods to ensure tenderness, such as marinating or using moist-heat cooking techniques.

Are there grades lower than USDA Select?

Yes, there are five grades below Select: Standard, Commercial, Utility, Cutter, and Canner. These lower grades are rarely sold at retail and are often used in processed meat products or as ground beef.

How does dry-aging affect USDA beef grades?

Dry-aging can enhance the flavor and tenderness of beef, but it doesn’t change the USDA grade. The grade is assigned based on the characteristics of the beef before the aging process begins. Dry-aging can, however, make a Choice grade steak taste more like Prime.

Is Wagyu beef graded differently?

Wagyu beef produced in the United States is graded using the USDA system. However, Japanese Wagyu has its own grading system that considers marbling, meat color and brightness, firmness and texture, and fat color, luster, and quality.

How do grass-fed and grain-fed beef compare in USDA grading?

Grass-fed beef tends to be leaner and may not achieve as high a grade as grain-fed beef. However, many consumers prefer grass-fed beef for its flavor profile and potential health benefits, regardless of its USDA grade.

Does the USDA grade affect the nutritional value of beef?

Higher grades like Prime and Choice will generally have more fat content due to increased marbling. This can affect calorie count and fat intake. Select grade beef will typically be leaner.

How long do USDA grades last? Can beef be regraded?

Once a carcass is graded, that grade stays with the beef through processing and packaging. Beef cannot be regraded, even if it’s aged or processed further.

Are all beef products graded?

No, USDA grading is a voluntary service that producers and processors pay for. Some beef products, particularly those used for ground beef or processed meats, may not be graded at all.

Conclusion: Making Informed Choices for Better Meals

Understanding USDA beef grades empowers you to make informed decisions when purchasing beef. Whether you’re splurging on a Prime ribeye for a special occasion, selecting a Choice cut for your weekly meal prep, or opting for a lean Select cut for a health-conscious dish, knowing what these grades mean ensures you’re getting the quality you expect.

Remember, while grades are important, factors like proper cooking techniques, personal preference, and the specific cut of beef also play crucial roles in your beef-eating experience. Use this knowledge as a foundation, but don’t be afraid to experiment and discover what works best for your palate and cooking style.

By combining an understanding of USDA grades with knowledge of cooking methods, cattle raising practices, and personal taste preferences, you’ll be well-equipped to select the perfect beef for any occasion. Happy grilling, roasting, and savoring!

Chris Johns is the founder of BBQ Report® and has been an avid barbecue fan for over 20 years. His mission is to make grilling and smoking the best food possible easy for everyone. And each year, he continues to help more people with grilling, smoking, and barbecue recipe recommendations.